diff --git a/src/blacklist.rs b/src/blacklist.rs
index 93a0875..7c406c7 100644
--- a/src/blacklist.rs
+++ b/src/blacklist.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn resolve_path_context() -> Result<PathContext, SandboxError> {
     let run_user = std::env::var("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR")
         .ok()
         .or_else(resolve_run_user_from_proc)
-        .unwrap_or_default();
+        .ok_or(SandboxError::RunUserNotFound)?;
     Ok(PathContext { home, run_user })
 }
 
diff --git a/src/errors.rs b/src/errors.rs
index bf6e7a4..157e8d2 100644
--- a/src/errors.rs
+++ b/src/errors.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum SandboxError {
     HomeNotSet,
+    RunUserNotFound,
     BwrapNotFound,
     CommandNotFound(PathBuf),
     CommandNotExecutable(PathBuf),
@@ -21,6 +22,10 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for SandboxError {
                 f,
                 "$HOME is not set; cannot determine which paths to protect"
             ),
+            Self::RunUserNotFound => write!(
+                f,
+                "cannot determine XDG_RUNTIME_DIR; tried $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR and /proc/self/status"
+            ),
             Self::BwrapNotFound => write!(
                 f,
                 "bwrap not found; install bubblewrap (e.g. `apt install bubblewrap` or `pacman -S bubblewrap`)"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 00bf34c..c7e1dae 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mod agents;
-mod blacklist;
+pub mod blacklist;
 mod errors;
 mod preflight;
 mod sandbox;
diff --git a/src/sandbox.rs b/src/sandbox.rs
index 6ca0915..1933a09 100644
--- a/src/sandbox.rs
+++ b/src/sandbox.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ fn add_blacklist_mode(cmd: &mut Command) -> Result<(), SandboxError> {
     cmd.args(["--proc", "/proc"]);
     cmd.args(["--bind", "/tmp", "/tmp"]);
     cmd.args(["--bind", "/var/tmp", "/var/tmp"]);
-    cmd.args(["--bind", "/run", "/run"]);
 
     let overlays = blacklist::resolve_overlays(&ctx)?;
     for dir in &overlays.tmpfs_dirs {
@@ -72,6 +71,26 @@ fn add_blacklist_mode(cmd: &mut Command) -> Result<(), SandboxError> {
         cmd.arg("--ro-bind").arg("/dev/null").arg(file);
     }
 
+    cmd.args(["--tmpfs", "/run"]);
+    ro_bind_under_tmpfs(
+        cmd,
+        "/run",
+        &[
+            "/run/dbus/system_bus_socket",
+            "/run/systemd/resolve",
+            "/run/systemd/journal",
+            "/run/log/journal",
+            "/run/udev",
+            "/run/NetworkManager/resolv.conf",
+            "/run/media",
+        ],
+    );
+
+    ensure_parent_dirs(cmd, "/run", &ctx.run_user);
+    cmd.arg("--tmpfs").arg(&ctx.run_user);
+    let run_user_bus = format!("{}/bus", ctx.run_user);
+    ro_bind_under_tmpfs(cmd, &ctx.run_user, &[&run_user_bus]);
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -127,6 +146,37 @@ fn add_whitelist_mode(cmd: &mut Command) -> Result<(), SandboxError> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn ensure_parent_dirs(cmd: &mut Command, base: &str, path: &str) {
+    let base = Path::new(base);
+    let ancestors: Vec<_> = Path::new(path)
+        .ancestors()
+        .skip(1)
+        .take_while(|a| *a != base)
+        .collect();
+    for dir in ancestors.into_iter().rev() {
+        cmd.arg("--dir").arg(dir);
+    }
+}
+
+fn ro_bind_under_tmpfs(cmd: &mut Command, base: &str, paths: &[&str]) {
+    let base = Path::new(base);
+    let mut dirs_created = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+
+    for path in paths {
+        let ancestors: Vec<_> = Path::new(path)
+            .ancestors()
+            .skip(1) // skip the path itself
+            .take_while(|a| *a != base)
+            .filter(|a| dirs_created.insert(a.to_path_buf()))
+            .collect();
+
+        for dir in ancestors.into_iter().rev() {
+            cmd.arg("--dir").arg(dir);
+        }
+        cmd.args(["--ro-bind-try", path, path]);
+    }
+}
+
 fn add_rw_bind(cmd: &mut Command, path: &Path) -> Result<(), SandboxError> {
     if !path.exists() {
         return Err(SandboxError::RwPathMissing(path.to_path_buf()));
diff --git a/tests/integration.rs b/tests/integration.rs
index a446301..edcb9da 100644
--- a/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::fs;
 use std::process::Command;
 
+use agent_sandbox::blacklist;
 use tempfile::TempDir;
 
 fn sandbox(extra_args: &[&str]) -> Command {
@@ -350,6 +351,62 @@ fn new_session_isolates_sid() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn blacklist_run_is_tmpfs() {
+    let output = sandbox(&[])
+        .args([
+            "--",
+            "bash",
+            "-c",
+            "touch /run/test_canary 2>&1 && echo WRITABLE || echo BLOCKED",
+        ])
+        .output()
+        .expect("agent-sandbox binary failed to execute");
+
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+    assert!(
+        stdout.contains("WRITABLE"),
+        "expected /run to be a writable tmpfs in blacklist mode, got: {stdout}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn blacklist_run_dbus_socket_accessible() {
+    let output = sandbox(&[])
+        .args([
+            "--",
+            "bash",
+            "-c",
+            "test -e /run/dbus/system_bus_socket && echo EXISTS || echo MISSING",
+        ])
+        .output()
+        .expect("agent-sandbox binary failed to execute");
+
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(
+        stdout, "EXISTS",
+        "expected /run/dbus/system_bus_socket to be accessible in blacklist mode"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn blacklist_runuser_is_tmpfs() {
+    let ctx = blacklist::resolve_path_context().expect("failed to resolve path context");
+    let script = format!("ls -A {} | grep -v '^bus$'", ctx.run_user);
+
+    let output = sandbox(&[])
+        .args(["--", "bash", "-c", &script])
+        .output()
+        .expect("agent-sandbox binary failed to execute");
+
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim().to_string();
+    assert!(
+        stdout.is_empty(),
+        "expected only 'bus' (or empty) in {}, got unexpected entries: {stdout}",
+        ctx.run_user
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn rw_missing_path_errors() {
     let output = sandbox(&["--rw", "/nonexistent/xyz"])